Last updated: March 2026
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that specifically binds cardiolipin — a phospholipid unique to the mitochondrial inner membrane — stabilizing mitochondrial structure and electron transport chain function. Developed by Stealth BioTherapeutics, it has advanced to Phase 3 clinical trials for three conditions: Barth syndrome, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and dry AMD.
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a tetrapeptide developed by Stealth BioTherapeutics (now Larimar Therapeutics) that specifically targets cardiolipin — a unique phospholipid in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
SS-31 specifically binds to cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid found only in the mitochondrial inner membrane. This targeted delivery is unique among mitochondrial therapeutics.
By binding to cardiolipin, SS-31 stabilizes the mitochondrial inner membrane structure, preventing cytochrome c release and protecting against apoptosis.
Improves mitochondrial energy production by optimizing the electron transport chain function, leading to increased ATP synthesis.
Decreases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protecting cells from oxidative damage associated with aging and disease.
SS-31 has advanced further than most mitochondrial peptides, with Phase 3 trials completed.
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This page is for educational and informational purposes only. SS-31 (Elamipretide) is not yet FDA approved but has completed Phase 3 trials. It is available only through clinical trials or compassionate use programs. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.